This book deals with advanced computer architecture and parallel programming techniques. It offers a balanced treatment of theory, technology architecture and software used by advanced computer systems. It presents state-of-the-art principles and techniques for designing and programming parallel, vector, and scalable computer systems. The emphasis on parallelism, scalability and programmability lends an added flavour to this text. The new chapter on – Instruction Level Parallelism describes the basic techniques of instruction level parallelism, and discusses relevant system design and performance issues which place a limit on its successful exploitation. While another newly added chapter on Recent Advancements in Computer Architecture discusses the technological advances which have had a major impact on computer architecture, and details some recently introduced processors, systems, and multi-core systems-on-a-chip. Salient Features: -Learning objective based teaching methodology -Emphasizes on parallelism, scalability and programmability aspects related to computer architecture -Discusses case-studies of real systems- IBM, Hitachi, Cray, Intel, UltraSparc, Blue Gene (from IBM), Cray XT series, XT5 and XMT, Fujitsu, DEC, MasPar, Tera, Stardent, etc.