Why is it that some companies turn out to be more successful when doing the opposite of what is prescribed in many of the current books on management and strategy Interestingly, many of the companies depicted as very successful companies in the standard literature end up not faring well over time – probably because they somehow end up in a dangerous autopilot mode. What this suggests is that the conventional literature cookbook isn t telling us the whole story. Even if companies have temporarily developed from an ugly duckling to a white swan, the popular recipes for success may be clipping such companies wings. Conversely, companies adhering to disruptive business models are seen to be more agile and to possess a higher degree of actionability. Such next generation companies are labeled black swans.